Veronica Lagutkina

California

Destination   

http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/

DFSS Technology Roadmap

• Design for six sigma
• 100X Faster with Spice accuracy circuit optimization
   

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• Monte Carlo Simulation based 

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  optimization 
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DFSS User Group

Medtronic

NXP

Apple

Samsung

Microchip

Dialog

Skyworks

St. Jude Medical

Boston Scientific

Sigma Designs

Eta Devices

Qualcomm

ST

Maxim

Freescale

NeuroPace

Hillol.Sarkar@ago-inc.com

Reading Human Genome

"We've provided a series of snapshots that shows how the genome is read one gene at a time," says biophysicist Eva Nogales who led this research. "For the genetic code to be transcribed into messenger RNA, the DNA double helix has to be opened and the strand of gene sequences has to be properly positioned so that RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyzes transcription, knows where the gene starts. The electron microscopy images we produced show how this is done."

Says Paula Flicker of the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which partly funded the research, "The process of transcription is essential to all living things so understanding how it initiates is enormously important. This work is a beautiful example of integrating multiple approaches to reveal the structure of a large molecular complex and provide insight into the molecular basis of a fundamental cellular process."

Nogales, who holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab, the University of California (UC) at Berkeley, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), is the corresponding author of a paper describing this study in the journalNature. The paper is titled "Structural visualization of key steps in human transcription initiation." Co-authors are Yuan He, Jie Fang and Dylan Taatjes.

The fundamental process of life by which information in the genome of a living cell is used to generate biomolecules that carry out cellular activities is the so-called "central dogma of molecular biology." It states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. This straightforward flow of information is initiated by an elaborate system of proteins that operate in a highly choreographed fashion with machine-like precision. Understanding how this protein machinery works in the context of passing genetic information from DNA to RNA (transcription) is a must for identifying malfunctions that can turn cells cancerous or lead to a host of other problems.

Berkeley Lab researchers have produced the first step-by-step snapshots of the assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase into a transcription pre-initiation complex. (Image courtesy of Nogales group)

Nogales and members of her research group used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), where protein samples are flash-frozen at liquid nitrogen temperatures to preserve their structure, to carry out in vitro studies of reconstituted and purified versions of the "transcription pre-initiation complex." This complex is a large assemblage of proteins composed of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) plus a class of proteins known as general transcription factors that includes the TATA-binding protein (TBP), TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE and TFIIH. All of the components in this complex work together to ensure the accurate loading of DNA into Pol II at the start of a gene sequence.

"There's been a lack of structural information on how the transcription pre-initiation complex complex is assembled, but with cryo-EM and our in vitro reconstituted system we've been able to provide pseudo-atomic models at various stages of transcription initiation that illuminate critical molecular interactions during this step-by-step process," Nogales says.

The in vitro reconstituted transcription pre-initiation complex was developed by Yuan He, lead author on the Nature paper and a post-doctoral student in Nogales's research group.

"This reconstituted system provided a model for the sequential assembly pathway of transcription initiation and was essential for us to get the most biochemically homogenous samples," Nogales says. "Also essential was our ability to use automated data collection and processing so that we could generate all our structures in a robust manner."

Among the new details revealed in the step-by-step cryo-EM images was how the transcription factor protein TFIIF engages Pol II and promoter DNA to stabilize both a closed DNA pre-initiation complex and an open DNA-promoter complex, and also how it regulates the selection of a transcription start-site.

"Comparing the closed versus open DNA states led us to propose a model that describes how DNA is moved during the process of promoter opening," says He. "Our studies provide insight into how THIIH uses ATP hydrolysis as a source of energy to actually open and push the DNA to the active site of Pol II."

Nogales and her colleagues plan to further investigate the process of DNA loading into Pol II, as well as to include additional transcription factors into the assembly that are required for regulation of gene expression.

"Our goal is to actually build a structural model of the entire -- more than two million daltons -- protein machinery that recognizes and regulates all human DNA promoters," Nogales says. "For now we have the structural framework that's been needed to integrate biochemical and structural data into a unified mechanistic understanding of transcription initiation."

This research was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the National Cancer Institute under NIH grant numbers GM063072 and CA127364.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130227151306.htm

MWC 2013 Spain

Alcatel One Touch, meanwhile, announced that it will be showing 13 (yes, 13) new smartphones at the show this year. That'll be an interesting hands on.

You're probably wondering where Samsung went. We're not sure either. There's no press conference scheduled, so the chance of seeing any big new phones is slim to none. If you're waiting for the Galaxy S IV, you're going to have to wait a bit longer—the latest rumors pit the announcement in March.

On the other hand, all signs point to Samsung introducing the Galaxy Note 8.0, an 8-inch version of the stylus-equipped Galaxy Note 10.1 we gave an Editors' Choice award to over the summer. On the Apple scale, 8 inches is pretty close in size to the 7.9-inch iPad mini.

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2415690,00.asp

Telemedicine

One of the main limitations of traditional microfluidic diagnostic devices is their reliance on an external reader for moving fluids and giving a result. External readers can be expensive, break easily, and be lost or stolen, rendering the diagnostic cards useless. Our patterned paper-based diagnostic technology platform was designed specifically to avoid these issues by automatically wicking fluid and producing a colorimetric result that can be interpreted by eye. While our platform allows us to create visually semi-quantitative diagnostics, such as our liver function test, sometimes a more quantitative result is preferred.

In order to provide a quantitative result without requiring an external reader, we are leveraging the rapid expansion of mobile phones in the developing world. Today’s mobile phones contain image capture and processing capabilities that match what would be needed by an external reader, and, as they are now widespread even in rural areas of the developing world, they can be enabled to give quantitative results without the need to purchase an external reader.

http://www.dfa.org/

MIT top 50 Companies

http://bit.ly/UKNK62

Semiconductor Review

The mathematical computations required to update the complete set of linear regression parameters embedded in the Cowan LRA forecasting model have been carried out.

The newly derived set of linear regression parameters reflect 29 years (1984 to 2012) of historical global semiconductor sales numbers as a basis of predicting future quarterly and full year sales and sale growth forecast expectations by exercising the Cowan LRA model. It will cross $300 B water mark.

Indian semiconductor industry in 2013

Earlier this year, I had the pleasure of keynoting ISA Vision Conference in India where I discussed the growing frustration within India over the country’s apparent delay in becoming a major player in the fabless sector of the semiconductor industry. The pressure will only become more intense as India’s consumption of electronics is predicted to exceed $400 billion by 2020.

“Fortunately, India has all the elements in place to cultivate a vibrant, growing fabless semiconductor industry. First, India enjoys worldwide leadership in high tech with some of the most influential design teams in the world. It is already a leading provider of design services and silicon IP, with the world’s third largest number of silicon IP companies headquartered in India. India also has one of the creative pools of engineering resources and educational institutions in the world, graduating the second highest number of university students per year in the world, with a growing number of them engineers.

“Recognizing the region is poised to become the next great fabless incubator, a growing number of angel investors, both in India and in the West, are eager to fund new companies in India. A particularly successful model has been fabless companies headquartered in the US with the majority of design, and the innovation, being done in India. Beceem was a good example (acquired by Broadcom in 2010 for $316 million).

“There is a fertile environment for creating multi-national fabless semiconductor companies in India. Remember, it takes time to establish and grow a new industry. Qualcomm, for example, started as a contract R&D services organization in 1985 and introduced its first IC product three years later. It spent the next 20 years revolutionizing the wireless communications industry, climbing up the list of top semiconductor companies. In fact, the average age for leading fabless and IP companies worldwide is over 20 years old.”

CEO, Mentor Graphics